![]() ![]() On the other hand, there is a broad taxonomic diversity of human pathogenic diseases (for example, bacteria, viruses, animals, plants, fungi, protozoa and so on), and transmission types (for example, vector-borne, airborne, direct contact and so on glossary in Text Box 1) that can be affected by those hazards. On one hand, it is increasingly recognized that the emission of GHGs has consequences on a multitude of climatic hazards of the Earth’s system (for example, warming, heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, extreme precipitation, floods, sea level rise and so on Fig. While the conclusion that climate change can affect pathogenic diseases is relatively well accepted 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the extent of human vulnerability to pathogenic diseases affected by climate change is not yet fully quantified. ![]() The societal disruption caused by pathogenic diseases, as clearly revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic, provides worrisome glimpses into the potential consequences of looming health crises driven by climate change 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The ongoing emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is intensifying numerous climatic hazards of the Earth’s climate system, which in turn can exacerbate human pathogenic diseases 1.
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